Part 3 - Darwinists have Deceived the Whole World with Frauds - 4
10. The Claim That "Australopithecus is the Ancestor of Man" is Fraudulent
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Darwinists went even further and depictefd the fictitious entity they named Nebraska Man, on the basis of a single pig tooth, together with his family.
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The subject of human evolution is of vital importance to Darwinists. The idea they have tried for years to indoctrinate people with is the lie that man is a supposed evolved animal. They strive with all their power to maintain this lie, and attempt to insert the idea that human beings have supposed animal ancestors in even the most unrelated subjects. The deceptions to which they resort on this matter are breathtaking. Even totally unconnected fossil find is presented in such a way as to suggest they are human beings. So much so that Darwinists produced Nebraska Man from a single fossil tooth, which would later be proven to belong to a wild pig, and they had no qualms about depicting this entity's entire social life together with its family and community. One of the most significant examples of these astonishing endeavors is their long-time claim that Australopithecus is the so-called ape-like ancestor of man.
Australopithecus is an extinct species of ape. The name means "Southern ape," and Darwinists seek to depict it as the first ape-like ancestor of human beings. As with all other examples, since this species of ape is extinct, evolutionists have used it as a tool for speculation. But as with all other examples, the scenarios that Darwinists produce regarding Australopithecus are again based on deception.
Australopithecus is thought to have first appeared in Africa fourmillion years ago and to have survived until one million years ago. The fact that needs to be made absolutely clarified here is that all Australopithecines are extinct apes resembling their modern-day counterparts. They all have brain volumes the same as, or smaller than those of present-day chimpanzees. They walked on four feet. Like present-day apes they had bony protrusions that helped them to climb trees, and their feet were prehensile to allow them to cling onto branches. They were short in stature (maximum 130 centimeters) and, just like present-day apes, the male Australopithecus was much larger than the female. Hundreds of details in their skulls, and features such as their close-set eyes, their sharp molars, their jaw structure and their long arms and short legs are all evidence showing they were no different to present-day apes.
Although the Australopithecines were all evidently species of ape, Darwinists describe them as life forms that managed to walk on two legs. This is a blatant deception, because not a single one of the Australopithecus-related fossils unearthed to date corroborates this scenario. The evolutionary scenario for these entities is thus based on no scientific evidence.
According to Darwinists, although there were various species in the Australopithecus family, only Australopithecus afarensis (the species represented by "Lucy", who was portrayed to the whole world as proof of so-called human evolution when she was discovered in 1974) is regarded as a direct ancestor of man. However even Darwinists have accepted that the creature in question cannot be put forward as the ancestor of humans. The French Darwinist journal Science et Vie used the subject as its cover story in its May 1999 issue. Under the caption "Adieu Lucy," the magazine discussed Lucy, regarded as the most important fossil specimen from the species Australopithecus afarensis, and said that Australopithecus apes were not the forerunners of human beings, and that they should be removed from the family tree.67
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Farewell Lucy
The Darwinist Science et Vie magazine used the caption "Adieu Lucy" (Farewell Lucy) in an admission that Australopithecene apes could not have been the ancestors of man. |
The world famous paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey also says that Lucy has no evolutionary validity: It is overwhelmingly likely that Lucy (Australophitecus afarensis) was no more than a variety of pygmy chimpanzee. The evidence for the alleged transformation from ape to man is extremely unconvincing.68
In addition, as a result of his researches into Australopithecines the evolutionist Lord Zuckerman also concluded that they were an ordinary species of ape and very definitely did not walk upright.69
Another evolutionist and anatomist well known for his research into the subject, Charles E. Oxnard, stated that the skeletal structure of Australopithecines resembles that of today's orangutans.70
In 1994, Fred Spoor and his team from Liverpool University in Britain carried out a comprehensive study in order to arrive at a definitive conclusion regarding the Australopithecus skeleton. An organ in the skeleton known as the "cochlea," which determines the position of the body in relation to the ground, was investigated. Spoor's conclusion was that Australopithecus did not walk in a bipedal manner similar to that of human beings.71
Another study in 2000 by the scientists B.G Richmond and D.S Strait, published in Nature magazine, examined the forearms of Australopithecines. Their comparative anatomical research showed that the species had the same forearm structure as those of present-day monkeys that walk on four limbs.72
All this evidence reveals that Australopithecines were nothing more than species of ape. Indeed, the evolutionist anthropologists who discovered Lucy, Donald Johanson and T. D. White, issued the following statement in Science magazine:
Fossils of Australopithecus have been studied in painstaking detail: their manner of walking, the structure of their ear, pattern of tooth development, their long and powerful forearms, short hind limbs, structure of their feet, small sized brains, and very ape- like skulls, jaws, and faces. These prove that Australopithecus was an ape and no way related to man. Donald Johanson himself, the discoverer of Lucy, later concluded that Australophitecus africanus (Lucy) was not related to humans at all.73
In summary, scientific research has refuted all the claims suggesting that Australopithecines were the forerunners of human beings. They were all species of apes, and to equate them with human beings is a scenario utilized by Darwinists for the sake of their fictitious and false theories.
11. The Claim That "Neanderthals are the Ape-Like Ancestors of Man" is Fraudulent
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For years, Neanderthals were depicted in false illustrations as supposed primitive ape-men. But science has shown that the Neanderthals are an extinct human race, and essentially no different to people living today.
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Darwinists employed the same technique they used with Australopithecus for the Neanderthals, an extinct human race.
Neanderthal Man entered the scientific literature with the discovery in 1856 of fossils in the Neander Valley near the German city of Düsseldorf. The curvatures in its skull and bones led it to being regarded by evolutionists as a supposed primitive human species.
In 1908, an almost complete skeleton described as belonging to Neanderthal Man was found in the French region of La Chapelle-aux-Saints. The bones were re-assembled by the famous paleontologist and geologist of the time, Marcellin Boule.
The Neanderthal Man that emerged from this re-assembly had a stooped posture and a protruding skull. Its legs were also locked at the joints, meaning it lacked a fully upright posture.
Through this appearance, the impression was formed in the minds of the people that Neanderthal Man was a primitive being. Neanderthals were also depicted as ape-men in fictitious illustrations.
This false impression of the Neanderthals lasted for 100 years. But analysis of the La Chapelle skeleton in the 1950s determined that the Neanderthal to whom it belonged had a kind of joint infection. Healthy individuals were in fact able to walk just like normal human beings.
In 1985, the same skeleton was examined by the anthropologist Erik Trinkhaus. That examination confirmed that Neanderthals walked upright and revealed another fact that had hitherto remained hidden: Marcellin Boule had deliberately portrayed Neanderthal as being stooped.74 The joint disorder identified in the 1950s was no obstacle to the individual walking upright. It appeared that the Darwinist Boule was unwilling to admit that the Neanderthal walked like a normal human being.
E. Trinkaus and W. W. Howells made the following statement in Scientific American magazine:
Today most scientists agree that Neanderthal Man stood fully upright and that in the absence of disease, its features are no different than modern humans.75
Meanwhile, the size of the Neanderthal skull also forced evolutionists into inconsistency. The reason was that Neanderthals had a skull volume of around 1700 cc; this is 200 cc more than the volume of today's human beings. The fact that Neanderthals, supposedly a "primitive" species, had a greater brain volume than Homo sapiens represented a huge contradiction for the theory of evolution.
The Neanderthal expert Erik Trinkhaus admits:
Detailed comparisons of Neanderthal skeletal remains with those of modern humans have shown that there is nothing in Neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans.76
There is no doubt that because the Neanderthals were a human race they possessed the same features as modern races. Neanderthal Man was a talented maker of tools and a skilled hunter. He even engaged in music and art. They had a cultural and social structure, just like societies today, and had religious beliefs.77 The civilization established by the Neanderthals was therefore no different to present-day civilizations.
A further issue regarding Neanderthals that represents an insuperable dilemma for Darwinists is the problem of dating. Fossils discovered show that Neanderthals were living at the same time as modern human beings and that in some circumstances they were even living much later. Evolutionist biologist Francisco J. Ayala from the University of California admits:
A few years ago, they [Neanderthals] were thought to be ancestral to anatomically modern humans, but now we know that modern humans appeared at least 100,000 years ago, much before the disappearance of the Neanderthals. Moreover, in caves in the Middle East, fossils of modern humans have been found dated 120,000-100,000 years ago, as well as Neanderthals dated at 60,000 and 70,000 years ago, followed again by modern humans dated at 40,000 years ago. It is unclear whether the two forms repeatedly replaced one another by migration from other regions, or whether they coexisted in some areas.78
The Neanderthals, proposed as a so-called ape-like ancestor of man, are therefore actually an extinct human race. In the same way that modern-day humans possess different features unique to their own races, so the Neanderthals also had their own unique characteristics. Therefore, it is a huge deception to use them as evidence for evolution. Indeed, the Neanderthal fossil was removed from the scientific literature in 1978. But the Neanderthals still appear in Darwinist references as if they represent some great evidence of evolution.
The aim behind the speculation about Neanderthal Man that is still going on in some evolutionist publications is to influence and mislead people who are ignorant of the true facts about the Neanderthals, and who are unaware that they were a "transitional form" that has been scientifically discredited. It is therefore of the greatest importance to highlight the true facts about Australopithecus and the Neanderthals, and to put an end to this Darwinist deception.
12. Piltdown Man" was a Hoax
In 1912, Charles Dawson, a well-known doctor and also an amateur paleontologist, claimed to have found a jaw bone and skull fragment in a depression near Piltdown, England. Although the jaw bone resembled an ape jaw, the teeth and skull resembled those of a human being. The fossils were given the name "Piltdown Man," dated at 500,000 years old, and put on display in the British Museum as the most significant evidence of so-called human evolution. A great many scientific papers, analyses and illustrations were produced over the next 40 years. Some 500 academics from different universities wrote doctoral theses about Piltdown Man.79
On a visit to the British Museum in 1935, the well-known American paleoanthropologist H. F. Osborn said, "... Nature is full of paradoxes... a discovery of transcendent importance to the prehistory of man."80
But Piltdown Man was a huge fraud, a deliberately manufactured hoax.
In 1949, Kenneth Oakley from the British Museum Paleontology Department sought permission to use the newly developed "fluoride test" on a number of ancient fossils. The Piltdown Man fossil was duly tested using the technique. The test revealed that there was no fluoride in the Piltdown Man jaw bone. This meant that the jaw bone had been underground for no more than a few years. The skull itself contained a small amount of fluoride and must have been a few thousand years old.
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1. The Fake Piltdown Man Skull
The Piltdown Man is an infamous hoax, assembled by adding a human skull to the jaw of a recently deceased orangutan. This hoax fossil was displayed for some 40 years in the British Museum as proof of the supposed evolution of man. When the fraud was exposed, in 1949, it was hurriedly removed from both the museum and the scientific literature. However, this fossil has been immortalized in the history books as a source of enormous shame for Darwinists.
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Subsequent chronological research based on the fluoride technique revealed that the skull was no more than a few thousand years in age. It was also realized that the teeth in the jaw bone had been artificially worn down, and that the primitive tools found beside the fossils were replicas carved out using steel equipment.81 Oxford professor of physical anthropology Joseph Weiner's detailed analyses definitively confirmed this fraud in 1953. The skull was human, around 500 years old, while the jaw bone belonged to a recently deceased orangutan! The teeth had been added on and set afterwards to give the impression of being human, and the insertion points had been planed down. All the fragments had then been stained with potassium dichromate in order to give an aged appearance. This staining disappeared when the bones were placed in acid. Le Gros Clark, from the team that exposed the hoax, was unable to conceal his amazement and said: "The evidences of artificial abrasion immediately sprang to the eye. Indeed so obvious did they seem it may well be asked-how was it that they had escaped notice before?"82
The science writer Hank Hanegraaff referred to this astonishing state of affairs as follows: "... as Marvin Lubenov explains, 'The file marks on the orangutan teeth of the lower jaw were clearly visible. The molars were misaligned and filed at two different angles. The canine tooth had been filed down so far that the pulp cavity had been exposed and then plugged.'"83
The evolutionist biologist Keith Steward Thomson made this comment about the Piltdown Man lie, "The Piltdown man forgery of 1912 was one of most successful and wicked of all scientific frauds."84
Following this surprising and, for Darwinists, embarrassing discovery, Piltdown Man was hastily removed from the British Museum where it had been on display for some 40 years. The Darwinist deception was so enormous that a hand-made fossil had fooled the whole scientific world and all mankind for 40 years. This would inevitably go down as one of the blackest marks in the history of evolution. Professor of Anthropology Pat Shipman described the impact of this fraud: "The Piltdown fossils, whose discovery was first announced in 1912, fooled many of the greatest minds in paleoanthropology until 1953, when the remains were revealed as planted, altered – a forgery."85
The journalist, writer and philosopher Malcolm Muggeridge described the position that Darwinism, propped up by hoaxes such as Piltdown Man, had placed all humanity in as follows: "I myself am convinced that the theory of evolution, especially the extent to which it's been applied, will be one of the great jokes in the history books in the future. Posterity will marvel that so very flimsy and dubious an hypothesis could be accepted with the incredible credulity that it has."86
The Piltdown hoax, committed, at least in the perpetrators' eyes, in order to eliminate belief in Creation and to convince people of the lie that human beings came into existence spontaneously and with no responsibilities, is actually a stratagem of atheistic freemasonry, which is the system of the antichrist. But Allah's glorious creation and matchless works are so apparent and manifest that with today's science there is nowhere they cannot be seen. These vain endeavors across the world on the part of the antichrist just humiliate him and his followers, and clearly reveal the failure of the Darwinism lie. Allah, our Almighty Lord, has told us in numerous verses of the Qur'an, how He created human beings, and every piece of evidence in the universe clearly reveals this sublime creation:
He Who has created all things in the best possible way. He commenced the creation of man from clay; then produced his seed from an extract of base fluid; then formed him and breathed His Spirit into him and gave you hearing, sight and hearts. What little thanks you show! (Surat as-Sajda, 7-9)
13. Nebraska Man was a Fraud
In 1922, American Museum of Natural History director Henry Fairfield Osborn announced that he had discovered a Pliocene molar tooth fossil near Snake Valley in West Nebraska. This tooth, it was claimed, bore common ape and human features. Before long, a profound scientific debate had commenced on the subject. Some interpreted this tooth as coming from Pithecanthropus erectus while others said it was more human. This fossil that created such major debates was given the name "Nebraska Man." A "scientific" name followed immediately after: Hesperopithecus haroldcooki.
Reconstructions of Nebraska Man's skull and body were produced on the basis of this single tooth. Things went even further as pictures showing Nebraska Man's family in their natural habitat were published. All these scenarios were produced from just one tooth. Evolutionist circles adopted this "ghost man" so strongly that when a researcher called William Bryan opposed such definitive pronouncements being made on the basis of a single molar, he attracted enormous wrath.
In 1927, however, other parts of the skeleton were found. These showed that the tooth belonged neither to a human being nor to an ape or monkey. It was realized that the tooth belonged to a species of extinct American wild pig called Prosthennops. William Gregory titled a paper in Science magazine in which he announced this "Hesperopithecus: Apparently Not an Ape Nor a Man."87
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Darwinists produced false pictures of Nebraska Man together with his family, all on the basis of a single pig tooth, and published these in text books. For many years, they had no compunction about deceiving students and other people.
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Science writer Hank Hanegraaff explains the developments as follows:
In 1922, A TOOTH WAS DISCOVERED IN NEBRASKA. With a little imagination the tooth was connected to a mythological jawbone, the jawbone was connected to a skull, the skull was connected to a skeleton, and the skeleton was given a face, features, and fur. By the time the story hit a London newspaper, not only was there a picture of "Nebraska Man" but there was also a picture of "Nebraska Mom." All of that from a single, solitary tooth. Imagine what might have happened if a skeleton had been discovered. Perhaps a yearbook would have been published!Sometime after the initial discovery, an identical tooth was found by geologist Harold Cook. This time the tooth was attached to an actual skull, and the skull was attached to the skeleton of a wild pig. Thus, Nebraska man, known by the "scientific" designation Hesperopithecus haroldcooki, has been unmasked as a myth rather than a man in the making.88
As a consequence, all pictures of Hesperopithecus haroldcooki and its "family" were hastily removed from the literature. Nebraska Man is an important indication of how Darwinists can produce an utterly fantastic scenario of evolution on the basis of a single tooth. Although a tooth provides no information about a living thing's general anatomy, the way that the drawings of Nebraska Man and his family were produced on the basis of a pig's tooth, and the fact that this was portrayed as scientific until the truth was revealed, is a huge logical deficiency and an utter humiliation for Darwinism. But Darwinists have refused to abandon frauds, and are consciously continuing with their Darwinist deceptions.
