Atlas Of Creation - Volume 4-
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3.9-Million-Year-Old Living Marvels That Refute The Theory Of Evolution
The oldest known fossils belong to bacteria that lived some 3.9 billion years ago. That is why evolutionists have claimed that the first single-celled bacterium emerged spontaneously, by chance, from inanimate matter. In order to be able to corroborate this myth, Darwinists refer to the first bacterium in question as a “simple” organism. In their eyes, this life form with supposedly simple characteristics, must have been influenced at random by various environmental circumstances and conditions and have undergone changes, always positive, and must have acquired various miraculous characteristics – such as producing its own nutrients and starting to replicate by mitosis from meiosis – again all by chance. But in order for this to transpire that unconscious bacterium would have to go even further and start thinking, it would have to have made various decisions and established colonies. It would also have to be capable of biochemical communications with other bacteria and eventually become the complex life form it is now. This illogical and irrational claim made by Darwinists was widely accepted due to the ignorance of the time, when science had not made much progress, and was heralded as a scientific fact. But this has all changed in the 21st century.
The major scientific advances taking place today have totally undermined the idea of a “primitive first bacterium” because current research in the light of advanced technology has revealed that these, the smallest life forms on earth, are not at all simple, as Darwinists maintain, that they have highly important and complex attributes, and that they could only have been created in a single moment by a sublime Mind and with an incomparable Knowledge. The fact revealed by science is that Allah has created bacteria, like all other living things.
Bacteria Are Essential For Life On Earth
A chemical laboratory made up of elements we cannot see with the naked eye, that works non-stop and supports our survival, is present in all of nature. The bacteria we are considering in this chapter, each one of which is a miracle of creation, are expert chemists that make use of nature as a laboratory. A great many of the features of bacteria are still unknown because the size of these life forms, around 0.001 millimeters (3.93700787 × 10-5 inches), generally makes it impossible to study their internal structures properly. However, the available data still describe the systems in these life forms to us.
The pictures show three types of cyanobacteria. (a: Nostoc, b: Oscillatoria, and c: Gleocapsa). These bacteria, which live in clean waters, have exceptionally complex chlorophyll. By means of these systems, which are almost as complex as plant chloroplasts, cyanobacteria perform the process of photosynthesis in nature. Nostoc cyanobacteria also play an important role in nitrogen transformation and the "fixing" of atmospheric nitrogen.
Bacteria are not primitive, as evolutionists like to claim. On the contrary, they possess complex systems that prove that they could not have come into being through a gradual process of evolution. There are many species of bacteria in nature, all with different characteristics.
Cyanobacteria represent the most complex group of bacteria, which exhibit these different features. However, this description is still far from describing cyanobacteria’s characteristics and the wonderful functions they perform. Cyanobacteria possess very special cellular architectures and complex intra-cellular communications systems.
Even 3.9 billion years ago, cyanobacteria were marvelous and fully equipped life forms capable of making photosynthesis, carrying out nitrogen fixation (nitrogen that cannot be used in a gaseous form assuming the form of usable compounds), capable of movement without the bacterial whip (flagella) and using a string of proteins in order to make such motion possible.
The Glorious Characteristics Of Cyanobacteria That Refute Evolution
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are the oldest known prokaryotes, single-celled organisms, obtaining their energy through photosynthesis.1These life forms can manufacture the carbon they use for processes within the cell from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. At the same time, they are able to fix nitrogen gas in molecular form. The fact that these processes take place in the same place requires careful reflection and totally refutes the evolutionists idea that these life forms are “primitive.”
The enzyme nitrogenase, which is responsible for nitrogen fixation, is exceedingly sensitive to oxygen. For that reason, nitrogen fixation and the process of photosynthesis, which requires oxygen, should not be able to take place at the same time in cyanobacteria cells. In order to overcome this difficulty, the filaments in some cyanobacteria restrict the nitrogen fixation process with a special kind of cell known as heterocysts.
With their unique structure, heterocyst cells enable these two incompatible processes to be performed by the cyanobacteria.
In order to restrict the entry of oxygen, heterocyst cells are covered with a special sheath containing glycolipid and polysaccharide, a protective homogeneous envelope. A layer four nanometers thick develops through the interaction of waterproof chains, and this restricts the permeability of dissolved substances. Heterocysts have four separate membranes consisting of double-layer lipids, and these have different structures and functions.
In this way, carbon dioxide fixing through photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in an oxygen-free environment, which cannot happen at the same time, are separated from one another, and cyanobacteria are able to discharge their functions.
Cyanobacteria Fossils: An Insoluble Dilemma For Evolutionists
Rock strata in the Apex Chert region of Australia contain cyanobacteria fossils, or stromatolites (stromatoliths), dating back 3.9 billion years.
Stromatolites form in shallow water with the accumulation and freezing of the sediment of micro-organisms such as cyanobacteria. Stromatolites began forming in the Precambrian Period and are formed by calcium carbonate particles (limestone) carried by the sea adhering to the filaments formed by blue-green algae.2 These structures are rich in chlorophyll. Over the geological ages they formed in globes or domes of various sized immediately beneath the surface of the sea.
Human beings and animals possess no mechanism allowing them to make direct use of solar energy. That energy can only be obtained by being synthesized as a result of the process of photosynthesis performed by green plants and micro-organisms. Cyanobacteria species that make photosynthesis produce more than half the oxygen in the atmosphere. The energy that these organisms manufacture with solar energy is stored in the form of simple sugars. This sugar is needed for the biochemical reactions essential for the survival and growth of living things on Earth, and also for respiration.
As well as oxygen and carbon dioxide, living things also need nitrogen (N2) in order to survive. Nitrogen represents one of the fundamental building blocks in the living body, especially in the structure of nucleic acids, proteins and vitamins. The Earth's atmosphere consists of approximately 78% nitrogen. However, despite their needing it, living things cannot absorb this nitrogen in the air into their bodies. This gas has to be converted in some way into a form that living things can make use of and then recycled back into the atmosphere if it is not to run out. That need is again met by microscopic bacteria.
The living things that must first absorb nitrogen from the air are plants. Plants cannot use nitrogen in gas form. Nitrogen is converted by nitrite bacteria into nitrite, and nitrate bacteria then convert that nitrite into nitrate, a form that plants can use.
In carrying out the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that evolutionists describe as “simple” actually function like living chemical laboratories, as with photosynthesis, and have been performing complex chemical reactions, beyond the comprehension of anyone without a close knowledge of chemistry, since the day they were first created.
Fossil remains of the world’s oldest micro-organism, dating back 3.9 billion years, have been found in Australia’s Apex Chert region. The cyanobacteria fossils at the top and left were discovered in Apex Chert and are 3.5 billion years old.
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One in every ten cells in the filamentlike cyanobacteria in the picture above is known as a heterocyst, and it is these cells, which are completely insulated from oxygen, that perform the task of fixing nitrogen.
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Some of the characteristics of cyanobacteria, those marvelous micro-organisms, that refute the claim of the theory of evolution that life forms came into beings by chance, may be summarized as follows:
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The stromatolite fossil record is exceedingly rich, and they have been around in various environments on Earth for some four billion years. They were initially discovered in Shark Bay, Australia in 1956. They are also found in the Bahamas, the Indian Ocean, Africa and the USA.
Stromatolites have a bacteria population of 3 billion per square meter. When these combine with sediments and organic materials and gradually grow to 10 million times their own size, they build structures up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in size. Since they grow very slowly, a one meter stromatolite will be around 2,000 years old.8
The giant activities of cyanobacteria, those marvelous micro-organisms:
• Cyanobacteria by themselves produce 30% of the Earth’s annual amount of oxygen3; that figure is equivalent to the amount produced by all the green plants on Earth.
• These bacteria are very small in size, but their production is enormous. There are more than 100 of them in a liter of water, and they account for 10% to 20% of the productivity of the oceans. Despite being invisible, they predominate over a large part of the Earth.
• This form of bacterium is capable of performing very different processes (such as photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation (the process whereby nitrogen is turned into a form usable by living things) and respiration, within a single cell. This requires a matchless cell membrane system, as outlined above. For example, the bacteria need an oxygen-free environment for nitrogen fixation, but an oxygen-rich environment for all the other processes, and these require very different cell membranes. This architecture makes cyanobacteria one of the most complex members of the bacterial kingdom.4
• In 1980, cyanobacteria were observed to possess a “circadian” clock.5 A circadian clock is the automatic regulation of the body according to its external environment, seen in multi-celled organisms. Cyanobacteria have been observed to engage in photosynthesis and respiration by absorbing oxygen into their cells for 12 hours a day, while they perform nitrogen fixation for the other 12 hours.
• Cyanobacteria are able to move in water without using flagellae (the bacterial whip). The secret behind the way these organisms can move without using any body part has still not been adequately explained, despite ongoing research for the last 20 years. The hexagonal layer known as the “S layer,” which makes up the most external layer of the cell, is three-dimensional and symmetrical. This layer is thought to play a role in cell movement. Because when the gene “swm6,” which expresses that symmetry, is subjected to mutation, the cell has been observed to be unable to move.6
• Cyanobacteria are capable of manufacturing anticarcinogenic, antiviral and UV-protective substances. These characteristics mean they are used in genetic studies intended to benefit human beings. For example, the antiviral protein Cyaniovirin-N produced by the Cyanobacterium species Nostoc ellipsosporum neutralizes the HIV virus. This protein possesses the ability to adhere to the oligosaccharide structures that enable the HIV virus to attach to the cells. Studies on this subject are still being planned.7
Bacteria are not only found in the seas or water sources. They are also agents present in all living things, from the human body to termites living underground to the root hairs on a plant. These organisms have spread everywhere on Earth and have been discharging their functions with the same perfection for billions of years. All this of course points to one single truth: Creation.
The proponents of the theory of evolution are in fact perfectly well aware that these organisms are not simple at all. That is why they are in a constant state of difficulty and doubt when they try to describe the characteristics and mechanisms possessed by the perfect organisms in question. Evolution is an unscientific theory unable even to account for the existence of a micro-organism.
The science and technology that have made such advances in the 21st century have revealed, under the scanning electron microscope, a brand new world that again refutes the theory of evolution. Yet another has been added to the increasingly lengthy list of questions for Darwinists about life on Earth. Every piece of research, every new finding, every characteristic we encounter in living things, is a means whereby we can discover the flawless artistry created by Allah in invisible things and whereby we can properly appreciate it.
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The stromatolites on this page have been living in the Hamelin Pool Basin of Shark Bay, Australia for 4,000 years.
Stromatolite fossils dating back 3.9 billion years can be found in other regions of Australia. There is absolutely no difference between these 3.9-billion-year-old fossil stromatolites and those living today. These organisms have never evolved.
Fossil Stromatolite
Period:Precambrian
Age: 2.4 - 2.2 billion years
Region:Michigan, USA
This stromatolite, one of the oldest-known microfossils in the fossil records, was found in Michigan in the United States of America.
This stromatolite fossil, some 2.4 billion years old, is a member of the cyanobacteria colonies, the oldest-known micro-organisms of Earth. Examination of stromatolites provides valuable information about the climate, geology, biodiversity and geography of the Earth billions of years in the past.
Layers gradually form as calcium carbonate (limestone) builds up on the fibers of growing bacteria. Bacteria initiate this build-up by making photosynthesis using carbon dioxide from the water around.
Particles and mineral dissolved in the water are trapped in the adhesive fluid surrounding the bacteria and continue to produce new strata by growing upward.
This process is repeated over and over again, and sedimentary layers form. The process is still continuing today.
Fossilized stromatolites dating back 3.9 billion years can be found in the sedimentary layers on all continents.
Fossil Stromatolite
Period: Precambrian
Age: 2.4 - 2.2 billion years
Region: Michigan, USA
This fossil was unearthed in the state of Michigan, USA, and is an example resembling marble of stromatolitic materials belonging to when life first appeared on Earth.
Marble is a metamorphosed form of limestone. The green color so attractive to the eye is the result of serpentine, which forms when there is a high level of magnesium in the limestone. 9
Fossil stromatolites are colonies of cyanobacteria, the oldest known organisms. These bacteria that lived billions of years ago, seen fossilized among rock strata, have highly complex structures and are capable of manufacturing oxygen. The processes that these organisms carry out in their micro-bodies, too small to be seen with the naked eye, exhibit a perfection that today’s advanced technology is nowhere near approaching. Cyanobacteria, which Darwinists claim are “primitive early life forms,” make photosynthesis using sunlight and convert water into oxygen molecules as well as protons and electrons. The structures known as thylakoids they use for photosynthesis are located within the folds of the cell membrane. Thylakoids have special antennae known as phycobilisomes that collect light for photosystems. It is clear that such an architecture is not at all “primitive.”
Considering both their structures and the processes they perform, these organisms, which date back 3.9 billion years, are not at all primitive, but have been highly complex ever since the moment they were first created.
Fossil Stromatolite
Period: Precambrian
Age: 2.4 billion years
Region:USA
This 2.4-billion-year Precambrian fossil stromatolite possesses striking colors and patterns. This species’ red color, known as Tiger iron, is the result of jasper and black hematite (mineral iron). The contrasting bands of color form a striking pattern. It is generally used in jewelry and for decoration. Tiger iron essentially consists of silicon dioxide and is colored by iron oxide. 10
Cyanobacteria’s moving mechanism involves highly detailed and unique processes.
In the daytime, cyanobacteria remain close to the surface for photosynthesis, and at night they sink to the bottom to gather nutrients. They use gas vacuoles (empty spaces) to do this and constantly change their locations in the water.
In contrast to other bacteria, cyanobacteria employ a slow glide in order to move; but since they have no whips, the mechanisms by which these organisms move is still not fully understood.
Complex proteins play a role in the slow, gliding motion that enables the cells to change location, but the structure of the “engine” and how the chemical compounds work is still a mystery. Nonetheless this mechanism has remained unchanged for billions of years, and has never altered.
Trilobites:
Marvelous Life Forms That Lived 530 Million Years Ago Refute Evolution
What Is A Complex System?
Many of the organs that appeared in Cambrian life forms, such as eyes, antennae, limbs, mouth and gut are all complex systems that exhibit a number of basic features.
A complex system can be summarized as follows:
A complex system arises from a large number of smaller components that are all interrelated to one another. At the same time, this system is in a constant exchange and interface with surrounding structures. It is not enough for a single component to be operating in order for the complex system to function. All of its components need to work together at the same time, in harmony, and in a flawless manner.
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The eye is an example of one such complex structure, consisting of a large number of components, each of which is linked to other equally complex structures. Individually, the substructures of the eye cannot make vision possible. In order for the eye to see, all the components have to perform their own individual functions together, and flawlessly.
The complexity encapsulated within any single eye manifests itself similarly in a single cell of a living thing, or even at the fundamental level of a single protein within that cell. This interrelated sophistication is the greatest obstacle facing the Darwinist claim of “small, random changes” as an explanation for the development of species. As we know, random effects are almost always destructive. Any random mutation affecting a complex system will cause the collapse of that system, even if it affects only one of its components. Therefore, a mutation in the optic nerve will cause blindness in the eye.
Excessive current—as in a power surge—will cause damage to a radio. No one can imagine that a power surge could turn that radio into a television. Therefore, any random effect impacting on the eye, a structure far more complex than any radio, will inevitably damage it. With their complex structures, the Cambrian Period life forms we shall be looking at in this chapter expose the invalidity of the claims of evolution and show that these life forms were created.
Cambrian Life Forms, With Far More Complex Structures Than Those Of Many Life Forms Living Today, Cause Evolutionists To Despair
According to evolutionary claims, the Cambrian Period is very early for the high level of biological complexity it exhibits. Darwinists claim that the complex structures possessed by living things are acquired gradually, over long periods of time. Therefore, species must have possessed rudimentary, primitive characteristics at the start of their supposed evolutionary histories and acquired more complex features only at the end of a very lengthy evolutionary process.
In fact, however, the history of life presents the exact opposite picture. The first creatures shared the same basic body structures as those living today; and the same complex organs such as eyes, antennae, limbs, mouths and guts. Therefore, complexity is a characteristic that came “in the first moment” in the history of life, rather than late. It has been in existence since they first appeared. This, no doubt, is a great impasse for evolutionists. The evolutionist researchers Marshall Kay and Edwin H. Colbert state that this state of affairs is an insoluble dilemma for Darwinists: “The introduction of a variety of organisms in the early Cambrian, including such complex forms of the arthropods as the trilobites,is surprising..
"The introduction of abundant organisms in the record would not be so surprising if they were simple. Why should such complex organic forms be in rocks about 600 million years old and be absent or unrecognized in the records of the preceding two billion years? . . . If there has been evolution of life, the absence of the requisite fossils in the rocks older than the Cambrian is puzzling.”11
By hiding behind the concept of a “puzzle,” these evolutionist researchers are trying to gloss over the fact that all these complex systems emerged suddenly, hundreds of millions of years ago—a fact that by itself is enough to completely repudiate Darwinism. To show why this early complexity has such a devastating effect on Darwinism, it will be useful to examine the trilobite and the perfect and highly sophisticated structure of its eye.
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Richard Fortey, an evolutionist paleontologist from London’s Natural History Museum, comments on the great number of lenses in some trilobite eyes:
“One of the most difficult jobs I ever attempted was to count the number of lenses in a large trilobite eye. I took several photographs of the eye from the different angles and then made enormous prints magnified large enough to see individual lenses. I started counting as one might, “One, two, three, four. . . ” and so on, to a hundred or two. The trouble was that you had only to look away for an instant, or sneeze, to forget exactly where you were, so it was back again to “One, two, three...” ... I got to a total of more than three thousand before I vowed that, in future, I would simply estimate the number of lenses in a bit of an eye, and use my best arithmetic to estimate the whole number.”12
More than 3,000 lenses means that the animal in question received more than 3,000 images. This clearly shows the degree of the complexity in the eye and brain structure of a creature that lived 530 million years ago. This flawless structure cannot have come into existence through evolution, as is set out by David Raup, a professor of geology from Harvard, Rochester and Chicago universities:
“Thus the trilobites 450 million years ago used an optimal design which would require a well trained and imaginative optical engineer to develop today—or one who was familiar with the seventeenth-century optical literature.”13
Fossil Trilobite
One characteristic of Cambrian fossils is that they’ve been so very well preserved. During fossilization under normal conditions, the hard part of the outer shells, consisting of chitin and calcium, should be decayed or dispersed. Yet in the great majority of specimens collected from Cambrian rocks, the exoskeletons maintain nearly all their original forms, and their owners’ main internal systems can also be seen.
Each wide, hemispherical eye may had hundreds or even thousands of lenses, each of which perceived an image from a different direction. Some faced straight forwards, others to the side, and some even faced backward. Each lens focused on an area determined for it. The trilobite was thus able to perceive danger approaching from any direction, and also possessed a great advantage when hunting.
Period: Devonian
Age: 417 - 354 million years
Region:Morocco
The body of a trilobite consisted of various segmented sections, all joined together. Each was connected to the adjoining ones with a hinge, forming a linked system much like modern railway carriages. By means of this segmented body, these creatures could easily move over obstacles, flex and turn.14 14
The trilobite had the same compound eye structure as that of the present-day housefly, shown above. Some species of trilobite had thousands of lenses in their eyes. Every lens perceived a separate image of the region it focused on. The greater the number of lenses, the greater the resolution of the image. Perfect trilobite eyes, dating back half a billion years, are truly a marvel of creation
One of the most important characteristics of the trilobite eye is its "calcite crystals." Calcite crystal, or calcium carbonate, is the building block of pyramids, amphitheaters and historic columns that have survived the centuries down to the present day. And this gave rise to the compound eyes in these life forms. 15
Fossil Trilobite
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Period: Ordovician
Age: 480 million years
Region: Russia
The way that all a living thing’s characteristics remain preserved in stone is a great miracle worked by Allah. A living thing that should decay and become part of the surrounding soil after it dies can sometimes leave behind all its details, from the suckers it possesses to its digestive system, and sometimes even its nerve endings. In this way, the evidence of its existence is exhibited in rock dating back millions of years. Allah's glorious creation and amazing artistry are there for all to see, in the manner that Allah chooses, despite the passage of millions of years. One of the greatest proofs of this immaculate artistry is that of the Precambrian life forms.
Another reason for concentrating on these life forms is to enable evolutionists, who are astonished by the way Precambrian life forms appeared approximately 500 million years ago, to see the true facts and to enlighten people who blindly believe in evolution. The scientific evidence clearly shows that no process of evolution ever took place in the course of natural history. All life forms appeared in one moment, with no evolutionary forebearers, and came into being possessing all of their complex characteristics; in other words, they were created.
Our Lord, the Creator of all, reveals the creation of living things in the following verse:
Allah created every animal from water. Some of them go on their bellies, some of them on two legs, and some on four. Allah creates whatever He wills. Allah has power over all things. (Qur’an, 24:45)
Fossil Trilobite
Period:Devonian
Age:350 million years
Region: Atlas Mountains, Morocco
The trilobite was a flawless life form with exceedingly complex characteristics that lived in the Cambrian Period. It was able to see the world of that time through perfect eyes, and it spread across the world with its perfect architecture. The eyes, one of any living things’ most complex organs, appeared at once with no supposed “primitive form” behind it. The perfect eyes possessed by this life form had no evolutionary origins, because its perfect eyes never evolved.
All these perfections possessed by the trilobite, all its complex structures, its amazing eyes and the colors we cannot currently see, were all created 530 million years ago.
It is Allah Who created trilobites from nothing, Who fully knows the features they possessed, how they lived and how they saw.
Allah reveals in the following verse that:
There is no creature on the earth which is not dependent upon Allah for its provision. He knows where it lives and where it dies. They are all in a Clear Book. (Qur’an, 11:6)
Complex, Cambrian Period Life Forms That Have Left Remains Behind And The Evolutionist Panic
The organisms that appear in Cambrian strata, and the research into them, clearly and definitely reveal that no process of evolution ever took place. This fact has led to terrible panic among all evolutionists, Darwin included, and obliged them to review all the claims they had made so far. Some Darwinists who hadn’t expected this sudden appearance in the Cambrian Period began to doubt the very theory they had advocated. However, others stepped up their endeavors to keep alive the theory, which had been definitively repudiated by the evidence. As the result of this, they produced highly exaggerated and nonsensical theories, totally inconsistent and all very different from one another, based on no scientific evidence, and wholly incompatible with logic and reason. Their objective was to try to introduce some factor of evolution into the Cambrian explosion, which they had ignored for many years but which the overwhelming weight of the evidence had finally forced them to accept.
Dr. Raymond G. Bohlin, a scientist and an expert in the fields of zoology, population genetics, and molecular and cellular biology—and who espouses creation—describes these astonishing and fruitless efforts:
“So, where is the documentation for the long history of the [so-called] evolution of these creatures? The usual answer is that the necessary fossil layers prior to the Cambrian period have not been discovered yet. The fossils are just missing! How convenient! This, after all, was Darwin’s excuse and many evolutionists after him followed suit. Well, recent discoveries from Canada, Greenland, China, Siberia, and Namibia document quite clearly that this period of biological creativity occurred in a geological instant virtually all around the globe. So, the usual excuse no longer holds water. . . . [According to evolutionists] Darwinism has always been characterized by slow gradual change that is imperceptible in our time frame. Major evolutionary change was only visible as we looked to the fossils to reveal the number and type of intermediates between species and major groups. But the Cambrian explosion is anything but gradual, and identifiable intermediates are totally absent.”16
All the scientific evidence shows that the first living things to appear on Earth did not develop through evolution, and that new species did not develop by their turning into another species. Cambrian life forms appeared on the stage of history with no supposed primitive forebear behind them. Evolutionists have been unable to produce “one single piece of evidence” from the fossil record, which should represent the most important source of evidence and greatest witness for the supposed “process of evolution” they have been talking about for the last 150 years. Not one of the mechanisms proposed by the theory of evolution has been seen to bring about evolution. No branch of science supports the theory of evolution in any way. On the contrary, they constantly produce new evidence to refute it.
Cambrian life forms from 530 million years ago, in which some 50 phyla containing all the basic structures of the animal world were alive, have radically undermined the theory of evolution. Evolutionists are still trying to recover from this surprise and to gloss over this extraordinary phenomenon. Yet the Cambrian explosion remains a fact, in the face of which evolution has melted away.
Darwinism will appear as whimsical to future generations as the stories about the Earth resting on the back of a giant turtle that people in past centuries believed in so passionately. People will fail to understand how Nobel Prize-winning professors, members of academic staffs and societies came to believe in such a farce and lined up wholeheartedly behind such nonsense. The 20th century will go down as a century of shame for all Darwinist scientific circles.
He is Allah – the Creator, the Maker, the Giver of Form. To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names. Everything in the heavens and earth glorifies Him. He is the Almighty, the All-Wise. (Qur’an, 59:24)
Fossil Trilobite
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Luminous Life Forms:
Marvelous Life Forms That Have Been Manufacturing Light For Millions Of Years Refute Evolution
Those parts of the sea that are deeper than 1,000 meters (3,300 feet below sea level) are known as “black depths,” and there is absolutely no light in such waters. Until very recently, it was thought that nothing could live at such depths. The fact is, however, that by means of improvements in diving technology over the last 25 years, life has been found in these depths and some 50,000 new species have been discovered.
Researchers investigating life in the ocean depths realized that these dark waters were not in fact quite so dark after all. The life forms in these dark depths were observed to make use of bright lights for a range of purposes. Scientists were amazed to discover that these life forms, which possess bioluminescent organs, manufacture light of different colors and in different frequencies and use them with great expertise.17
When we look at the fossil records, we see that these life forms, which the scientific world has only recently become acquainted with, were actually living millions of years ago. Luminous fish have left behind detailed remains in the rock strata. Fossils provide accurate scientific data dating back to millions of years in the past. The truth imparted by these petrified photographs is that these life forms were producing light in pitch black waters millions of years ago and never changed over millions of years; in other words, they never evolved at all.
Darwinists base their theory, not on the scientific data, but on a superstitious belief in chance. They are totally unable to explain how such a life form, devoid of any intelligence or consciousness and indeed unaware what light even is, could have begun manufacturing light millions of years ago.
There is a huge significance in these creatures, which remained a secret in the depths of the oceans for thousands of years, for human beings able to observe them today. This diversity is a means whereby mankind can once again see and grasp the infinite might of Almighty Allah, Who created them all.
THE LUMINOUS STRATEGY OF THE HATCHETFISH
One bioluminescent marvel living at depths of 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) is the hatchetfish. Some ten centimeters (four inches) long, this fish has large eyes, located as to be looking upward because fish living at these depths tend to hunt prey passing above them.
At the same time, they themselves have to be invisible. Their bodies have been created so as to make this possible. Their bodies are flat and silver in color, reflecting the color of the water like a mirror, which camouflages them in the darkness. Some fish that look downward can still identify them, however, because by means of their large eyes, fish at these depths are able to distinguish their prey with light filtering down from the surface.
But the hatchetfish possesses an amazingly deceptive system against this danger from two eyes looking down from above.
It has very special organs known as photophores that manufacture light on the lower part of its abdomen. Two different chemical substances are combined together in these organs to initiate a chemical reaction, the result being biological light, or bioluminescence.
The organs in the fish’s abdomen imitate light filtering down from the surface and produce light of exactly the same color. The hatchetfish thus prevents its shadow being seen from below.18
This astonishing defense system is obviously the product of a superior intelligence. The hatchetfish cannot be aware of how it is visible from beneath. Neither can it know how light is manufactured. It is impossible for such a sensitive system to have appeared in the animal’s body by chance.
These marvelous characteristics of the hatchetfish are not the result of blind chance, as evolutionists maintain, but one of the countless examples in the universe showing they were created by Omniscient and Almighty Allah.
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1- The hatchetfish possesses organs capable of emitting light, known as photophores. These organs are set out along the underside of the stomach.
2- The hatchetfish that lives at depths of 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) approaches the surface to hide from predators and turns on its bioluminescent organs.
3- The chemical substances inside bioluminescent organs enter into reactions and emit a cold, blue light resembling that filtering down from the surface. 20
4-Just as with the firefly, this light is the result of the breakdown of a protein known as “luciferin” and the simultaneous operation of the enzyme luciferase. 19
5- When the light goes into full operation, the fish assumes the same color as the light coming down from above. This confuses predators lurking above, so they can no longer make the hatchetfish out. This is exactly like turning a light bulb on in broad daylight. As the product of Allah’s flawless creation, this tiny fish, that nobody is even aware of, uses a wonderful tactic and perfect technology to protect itself.
The Advanced Technology In Life Forms At The Bottom Of The Sea
The electric light bulb was invented by Edison in 1879 following hundreds of experiments. Edison's technique was based on a simple logic, and of course the first light bulbs had only a very short life span. This problem has today been resolved, and some electric light bulbs can last for many years. But there is still one problem that has not been solved: normal bulbs have an efficiency level of only 10%, and some 90% of the energy is wasted. This represents a significant energy loss.
All the light in the universe is basically produced in the same way. Electrons play the main role in light production. When an electron absorbs energy, it deposits an energy packet known as a photon in an upper orbit and passes on to a lower orbit. The electrons in the Sun, or those shining in a light bulb are affected thermally. That is why light also gives off heat. While 3% of the energy turns into light, the remaining 97% is lost in the form of heat.
The solution to this problem is being sought in nature, because there are life forms in nature that manufacture light with an efficiency level of 100%. The electrons in the “cold light” or bioluminescence produced by many life forms in nature perform a chemical reaction that releases no heat. In contrast to the light bulb, almost 100% of the energy in the chemical process of bioluminescence is turned into light, and no loss of energy takes place.
Fish are not the only light-emitting life forms; some squid, jellyfish, seaweed, shrimp, plankton, lightning bugs and some species of fungi all know, through inspiration by Allah, how to manufacture their own light.
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The manufacture of electricity requires a specialized knowledge and expertise. Whether you use a battery to obtain electricity or a giant power station, specific experience and knowledge on the subject is essential. But here we are discussing unconscious living things, not electrical engineers. These life forms certainly have no knowledge of concepts such as luciferin, luciferase and ATP. They are unaware of even a single atom involved, let alone their chemical structures, formulae and interactions.
In addition to it being impossible for the whole electrical chain to emerge in stages, it is also impossible for a single chemical involved, such as luciferin, to do so. It would be pointless for any one link in the chain of chemical reactions to emerge by itself. It is essential for all the processes involved to take place one by one, in the right sequence and order. It is Omniscient and Almighty Allah Who teaches these living things, with no consciousness or knowledge of biochemistry, to produce light.
One of the most striking examples of bioluminescent technology is to be found in the oceans. The light technology used by light-emitting fish, jellyfish, sea urchins and some shellfish is so perfect as to amaze scientists.
Although the techniques that all these life forms employ to emit light are similar, they are not exactly the same. However, their common feature is that, unlike human beings, they do not have to use giant power plants, generators or batteries to manufacture light. The light technology in living things at the bottom of the ocean has none of the disadvantages of the systems used by human beings: there is no noise, no power disruptions, no heat given off and no harmful waste products.
There is a highly important point to the fact that every living thing in the universe, great or small, is equipped with characteristics requiring a very high level of knowledge and intelligence. Those who seek the source of this sublime intelligence in life forms with no consciousness are making a grave error. Any such “work” obviously points to an “intelligence” that produced it. The life forms that possess such stunning characteristics are all manifestations of the omniscience and matchless power of Almighty Allah, their Creator.
Expert Bacterial Light Producers
Evolutionist logic maintains that living species emerge in a gradual process of evolution from the primitive to the more advanced. The fact is, however, that even organisms with the very least complexity still possess marvelous features that human beings cannot replicate. For example, according to evolutionary logic, bacteria are some of the supposedly “most primitive” life forms there are. Yet these micro-organisms have been using advanced technology to manufacture light for millions of years.21
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The energy required in the basic reaction that takes place as bacteria manufacture light is obtained from the ATP of the bacterial cell. Oxygen binds to a molecule known as luciferin and a new molecule thus emerges. The marvelous thing here is the appearance of light as a side product of this reaction.
The energy needed in the basic reaction in bacteria’s production of light is taken from the bacterial cell’s ATP. Oxygen binds to a molecule known as luciferin and forms a new molecule. The marvelous thing here is that light is produced as a byproduct of this reaction.
This formula, that someone without a knowledge of chemistry will likely not understand, is only a brief summary of the light production system in bacteria.
The chain of reactions that take place during light production may well be compared to a clockwork mechanism functioning with a number of interconnected cog wheels. The chemical reaction, whose formula is given above, takes place where these cog wheels touch one another. However, in order for there to be constant light emission, the molecules used also have to be restored to their original forms because these molecules are consumed by being turned into other molecules, like a candle burning down. The chain reaction, functioning like cog wheels, enables molecules to return to their original forms.
The majority of processes requiring continuity in the cells take place with these cog wheels, as it were, being literally turned into one another by such molecular systems.
As we have seen, many various components need to be present together for light production. When these components are present at the right time, in the right place and perform the right processes, the result is a most superior product – the manufacture of light.
Just one flaw in the components in this system, or the absence of just one enzyme involved in the process, or the slightest error in their architecture, will halt this system of production. This is like damage to one of the clock's cog wheels impairing the functioning of it.
In the same way that it is impossible for a clock consisting of cog wheels all working together in harmony to emerge by chance, so the light produced by the chain reaction made up of biological cog wheels cannot be the work of chance, either.
The amazing miracle of light in living things is part of the artistry of Allah, and one of the proofs of His infinite might and omniscience.
Another amazing point is that all these reactions and processes take place in micro-organisms just 0.001 millimeters (3.93700787 × 10-5 inches) in size. There is no doubt that the way this perfect system is packed into such an extraordinarily small space shows that these organisms are created by Omniscient and Almighty Allah.
Light: The Common Product Of Fish And Bacteria
The white layers immediately beneath the eye in some fish is a light organ where bacteria gather. By using this light organ, which resembles the headlights of a car, the fish catches prey entering into the light and can also send signals to attract a mate.22
The fact that bacteria produce this light, not for themselves, but for the fish they inhabit is particularly striking.
Bear in mind that this light is of no use to the bacteria. The theory of evolution is totally unable to account for this. The theory of evolution maintains that those changes arising in living species due to mutations that are useful will be selected and so evolution will take place in the species concerned. The fact is, however, that there is no possibility of random mutations being able to give rise to such a complex system as light production and, in addition, the production of light will not benefit the organism concerned, the bacterium, in any way.
The bacteria cannot conceive of and apply such a technology, and the fish certainly cannot identify such a specific characteristic in the bacteria and include it in their own bodies in such a perfect way. The way that bacteria work together to emit light with a sublime technology on behalf of another living thing is the work of Allah's flawless and incomparable creation.
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Communication Among Bacteria
Research investigating the bacterium with the scientific name of Vibrio fischeri have revealed some highly interesting facts. They established that these bacteria were in communication with one another. According to this research, cells encourage neighboring cells to perform various functions by sending one another special messenger molecules.
Bacteria release a messenger molecule known as AHL in order to simulate one another. This AHL molecule activates a protein known as LuxR. The activated LuxR then activates a marvelous system known as Lux Operon created for light production by binding to the DNA. This system produces both the molecules and enzymes necessary for light production and also the AHL messenger molecules. These AHLs then increase light production by stimulating other bacteria.23
One important detail here is the way the bacteria are present in large numbers and the aggregation of the AHL molecules. In this way, the bacteria are able to emit a large amount of bright light for the fish to use. Indeed, when these bacteria are alone in the sea, no light production like that in the fish takes places, since there is no accumulation of AHL, and thus no light is given off.24
Flying Insects:
Marvelous Life Forms With Perfect Wings That Lived Millions Of Years Ago Refute Evolution
The ability to fly has been mankind’s dream for thousands of years, a goal toward which numerous scientists and researchers have expended labor, time, money and occasionally, their lives. Apart from a few very primitive experiments, it became possible to make self-propelled flying vehicles only in the early years of the 20th century.
Over the last 40 years, the scientific world has made it a priority to understand insects’ superior flying performance. The delicate and flawless architecture in insects’ flight mechanisms amaze researchers.
Some of these tiny creatures can hover suspended in the air, fly backwards, suddenly accelerate to more than 150 kilometers per hour (90 MPH) and engage in aerobatics far superior to even the best-trained fighter pilot. Insects have highly advanced mechanisms for flight, including perfect wings, a light exoskeleton, organs which perfectly regulate and control balance, and advanced warning systems that enable them to navigate and take off. Their bodies are covered by an exoskeleton that fulfill a set of functional roles including moving their legs and wings.
Airplanes operate by using the flow of air over their wings and are propelled with the assistance of combustion engines. Insects, on the other hand, have no such engines for takeoff, yet merely beating their wings gives them a powerful lift.25 In order to take off, most insects have to beat their thin wings very fast— and during flight, an average of several hundred times per second.26 Some insects beat their wings 600 times per second. Such rapid movement taking place in so short a time is impossible to replicate technologically.
21st Century Researchers Use Insects As Models For Progress
In recent years, various scientific research groups and major universities have been working on manufacturing micro-flight vehicles by imitating insects’ flight mechanisms. One of the most important of these is supported by the British-based Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and is playing a key role in the new aerial vehicles' development.27
Dr. Richard Bomphrey, from the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford, says that the findings from analysis of the architecture of insects’ wings “will make it possible to aerodynamically engineer a new breed of surveillance vehicles that, because they're as small as insects and also fly like them, completely blend into their surroundings."
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The research team uses cutting-edge computer modeling capabilities and the latest high-speed, high-resolution camera technology to investigate insect wing structure and performance. Key to the work is the calculation of air flow velocities around insect wings. This is achieved by placing insects in a wind tunnel, seeding the air with a light fog and illuminating the particles with pulsing laser light - a technique called Particle Image Velocimetry.28
According to Dr. Bomphery, different types of insect wing serve different purposes. “For instance,” he says, “bees are load-lifters, a predator such as a dragonfly is fast and maneuverable, and creatures like locusts have to range over vast distances.” Investigating the differences between insect wing structures has been a key focus in engineering micro flying robots. These ecological differences have led to a variety of wing designs depending on the task needing to be performed. Micro flying vehicles and micro-cameras installed on them will be able to be used in a great many fields.29
Despite all the specialists working on the subject and all the technological means at their disposal, it is thought that insect-sized flying machines will only become a reality in the next 20 years.
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The dragonfly flight system is a marvel of creation. It has two pair of wings located diagonally on its body. The wings work in counterpoint; as the two front wings are rising, the two wings in the rear are falling. Wing movement is established by two opposite groups of muscles. One end of the muscles is attached to an extension in the body in the form of a winch. One muscle group contracts to enable one pair of wings to rise, while the other muscle group relaxes to an equivalent degree to allow the second pair of wings to fall.
Dragonflies can reach speeds of between 30 to 60 kilometers per hour (18 to 37 MPH) in a very short space of time. The dragonfly also possesses tremendous maneuverability. No matter at what speed or what direction it may be flying in, it can stop momentarily and start moving in the opposite direction. Or it can hover in the air, waiting in a suitable position.
Thinking of how many factors involved in order for an aircraft to fly gives a much better idea of the actions performed by insects such as the dragonfly, based on exceedingly complex calculations:
The length of an aircraft , its height, wing span, wing surface area, maximum take-off weight, maximum landing weight, number of engines and power, fuel capacity, maximum range, travel speed, take-off distance; these all need to be exactly right.
This long list of calculations continues to be performed during flight: the altitude at which the vehicle is to fly, the maneuvers to be made, to descend or to maintain course without any unsteadiness, the rate of fuel consumption, the measures to be taken in the event of difficult air conditions. The list is long and quite complex.
Insects, on the other hand, make none of these calculations. From the moment they hatch, they act like flawless miniature flying machines applying all these delicate calculations in the most perfect way. Their flight is highly controlled, balanced and expert.
Making a robot that beats its wings is no easy matter. What really defeats scientists is the impossibility of giving that robot the intelligence that makes flight possible. The California University Electrical Engineering Faculty Professor Ron Fearing says,“The good news is we know what the wings need to do. The bad news is we don't know how to do it.”30 Michael Dickinson, a University of California Berkeley Professor of Biology, states that fruit flies beat their wings 200 times per second and use three different mechanisms in order to take off. This lets a fruit fly make a U-turn in the air with just eight wing movements, in as little as 40 milliseconds.31 According to Dickinson, in order to achieve such a level of control, the insect robot at Berkeley can make mistakes only three times, and on the fourth one, it will drop dead. Robert Michelson, the chief engineer at Georgia Technology Research Institute, states how difficult it is to construct a robot that beats its wings for balance and control:
“Until we can do things as well as you find them in creation, you have to go to alternate techniques.”32
Even though humanity possesses formidable technology, intelligence, energy, and financial backing, people still cannot imitate the systems we witness in nature. Marvels of creation that human beings are powerless to replicate show Allah’s matchless creative artistry. Insects of whatever size, large or small, have been able to fly through inspiration from Allah throughout the 250 to 300 million years of their existence on Earth up to the present day. Many insect species we see in nature today even have a flying ability superior to that of birds. The perfection in insects’ wings is one of the proofs of Allah’s immaculate creation.
Darwinists Must Abandon Their Errors Before It Is Too Late
While the scientific world is still unable to fully account for insects’ bodily structures and flight techniques, it is the height of sophistry to claim that these came about by chance. The mutations that Darwinism points to as the supposed architects of these systems are in reality harmful effects that merely cripple a life form, cause permanent injury to its organs and even result in its death. It is impossible to maintain that mutations that take place solely on the basis of chance can bring into being an insect’s wings, muscles, nerves and antennae and complex systems such as respiration and digestion. It is a terrible error to attach any credence to such nonsense.
No coincidence can create a flying machine, such as a helicopter. Even if all the components of a helicopter are left scattered about in a large field, natural events will still never be able to produce a helicopter from them. It is as illogical to propose this as it is to suggest that an insect’s wings or any other organ or system in its body could emerge as the result of blind chance. It is obvious that these marvelous systems in living things can only fully function, and the organism can only survive, when they are all present together.
It is impossible for an insect with no knowledge of the mechanisms by which it might fly to design them and for unconscious cells to carry out such complex functions.
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The way that ladybugs, which also possessed a flawless wing structure millions of years in the past, prepare their twin wings for flight is a complete miracle of creation.
Outer wings containing chitin surround the elastic, membranous flying wings like a sheath. When the insects wishes to fly it opens its outer wings, literally like a hydraulic gate, and the larger flight wings folded underneath emerge. These crumpled flight wings become smooth and elastic almost instantly. This attractive insect then takes off and flies away.
One environment in which fossils form is amber. The amber from trees flows down and covers a living thing, preserving it entirely and creating a fossil. These fossils represent an important truth, in the same way as other fossils.
This ladybug was fossilized together with all its soft tissues some 25 million years ago. There is not the slightest difference between the ladybug in the amber and those living today. Ladybugs were created in their present form.
The conscious systems we see in insects clearly indicate creation. We particularly see this when we look at fossils: dragonflies, various species of flies and beetles appear suddenly in the fossil record with all the marvelous properties they possess today and with no evolutionary ancestors preceding them. Fossils show us, quite simply, that evolution never happened.
The facts revealed by the scientific data and fossil records conflict with both the claims that Charles Darwin first made 150 years ago and with all the present-day versions and variations of the theory of evolution.
For anyone to still espouse the theory of evolution in the face of all these facts is of course highly thought-provoking. Such people still follow along in Darwinism’s wake and turn their backs on the true facts; but this is merely a short-term deception. The facts are much clearer now than they were in Darwin’s time and also much easier to establish. The number of people seeing and accepting the facts is growing, and there is a rapid decline in the numbers of people who believe unquestioningly in evolutionary fairy tales. The scientific proof cannot be ignored and hidden as easily as it was in Darwin’s day. Research is uncovering new and marvelous properties in living things every day and invalidating the evolutionist concept of chance. Every new scientific finding shows that the universe was created by an Intelligence superior to all things. Disciplines such as genetics, microbiology, paleontology, geology and all other branches of science constantly and clearly reveal the fact of creation.
There is no doubt that this scientific progress will continue to take place and that science will become one of the finest means of describing the creative artistry of Allah; this is because all knowledge belongs to Allah. Darwinism, on the other hand, will go down in history as an unscientific theory condemned to obsolescence, much like the geocentric model of the universe or alchemy.
People will be amazed how they ever believed in such a theory.
The above photograph of a fossil lightning bug provides countless scientific data dating back some 50 million years. We first see that the insect’s antennae, legs, joint structure, compound eyes, wing structure and everything else is all perfectly formed, regular and immaculate. Second, we see no half-formed organs in the process of evolution, as evolutionists would have us believe. This insect has never changed over the intervening 50 million years. With their marvelous wing architecture, the systems that allow them to produce light in their own bodies and their complex compound eyes, lightning bugs are a perfect marvel of creation. In short, this glorious life form tells us that “there is no such thing as evolution.”
No rational and logical person would ever look at the design in an airplane and claim that all the components came together by chance to produce a vehicle capable of flying. On the contrary, people looking at the design in an airplane will think that there is very fine and detailed planning involved in every stage, and that a large number of engineers and technicians pooled their knowledge and experience together and put in a great deal of hard work and time. Life forms that fly have been equipped with features superior to those of airplanes. It would be a total violation of logic and reason to look at these living things, created with the ability to fly, and to say that they are the product of mere chance. Classic evolutionary scenarios cannot explain how such delicate calculations work with such superior technology in these life forms devoid of any consciousness. Indeed, Darwinists have no answer to give at all because no such thing as evolution ever happened. Almighty Allah created all living things.
No rational and logical person would ever look at the design in an airplane and claim that all the components came together by chance to produce a vehicle capable of flying. On the contrary, people looking at the design in an airplane will think that there is very fine and detailed planning involved in every stage, and that a large number of engineers and technicians pooled their knowledge and experience together and put in a great deal of hard work and time. Life forms that fly have been equipped with features superior to those of airplanes. It would be a total violation of logic and reason to look at these living things, created with the ability to fly, and to say that they are the product of mere chance. Classic evolutionary scenarios cannot explain how such delicate calculations work with such superior technology in these life forms devoid of any consciousness. Indeed, Darwinists have no answer to give at all because no such thing as evolution ever happened. Almighty Allah created all living things.
